杭州浙大迪迅生物基因工程有限公司JACI：非IgE介导的过敏反应
发布日期：2021-05-28
原标题：非IgE介导的过敏反应
IgE介导通路由过敏原启动，当过敏原与特异性IgE抗体结合时，导致肥大细胞(MC)和嗜碱性细胞上的高亲和性IgE受体(FcεRI)发生交联并启动信号级联，释放包括组胺在内的介质，以及预形成的细胞因子和蛋白酶，以及合成和分泌额外的细胞因子和脂质介质，如血小板激活因子(PAF)、白三烯和前列腺素。典型的过敏反应途径是适应性免疫的一个例子。对过敏原过敏反应的临床诊断是基于这种IgE范式的。当使用免疫调节治疗(如免疫疗法或抗IgE)时，对特定过敏原的IgE水平高与疾病严重或持续时间长有关，也与治疗失败有关。然而，有相当一部分经历过过敏反应的患者并没有出现IgE依赖性免疫激活的任何证据。在这些患者中，没有迹象表明IgE介导的MC或嗜碱性粒细胞激活，如皮肤试验阳性结果、存在过敏原特异性IgE或组胺升高。在一些患者中，根本没有MC激活的证据，例如，他们有正常的胰蛋白酶。所有这些数据表明存在其他潜在的机制。
事实上，在缺乏IgE的情况下，小鼠模型仍可发生过敏反应，独立于IgE的MC/嗜碱性粒细胞和非MC/嗜碱性粒细胞通路在小鼠模型中均有描述，肥大细胞通常被认为是驱动过敏反应的最重要的细胞类型。根据它们分泌颗粒中不同蛋白酶的表达情况，可将它们分为两类。在人类中，类胰蛋白酶和糜酶表达的MC存在于结缔组织(即皮肤)中，并含有各种蛋白酶，如类胰蛋白酶、糜酶、羧肽酶和组织蛋白酶。相比起来，表达胰蛋白酶的MC存在于肺和肠道中，并且只表达类胰蛋白酶。所有MC均可通过高亲和力IgE受体(FcεRI)交联激活；然而，尽管这似乎是与过敏和过敏性疾病相关的体征和症状的主要原因，但它可能在内源性刺激激活促进血管止血、疼痛、瘙痒和宿主防御过程中，在MC的生理激活中并没有发挥主要作用，特别是表达类胰蛋白酶和糜酶的MC(也被称为MCTC)。在后一种机制中，胰蛋白酶和糜酶表达的MC对补体的补体成分片段(补体片段3a [C3a]和补体片段5a [C5a])和48/80(一种能模拟体外对MC补体活性的化合物)做出反应，但内源性和/或天然的外源性配体仍然未知。其他机制包括通过大量G蛋白偶联受体(GPCRs)激活，G蛋白偶联受体是最大的膜受体蛋白群，也是药物治疗最常见的靶点，MC在其表面表达许多G蛋白偶联受体。在这些受体中，其中一个特别有趣的是与质粒相关的G蛋白偶联受体X2 (MRGPRX2，以前称为MrgX2)，它在MC的质膜和细胞内位点选择性表达，并被抗菌宿主防御肽、神经肽、主要碱性蛋白、嗜酸性过氧化物酶、以及许多FDA批准的肽类药物激活。这种导致人类过敏反应的替代机制的存在并不是确定的，即使一些临床观察可能指向这个方向。例如，在人类的罕见临床观察表明，过敏反应不仅发生于IgE/肥大细胞/嗜碱性细胞轴，而且还发生于通过各种机制激活的中性粒细胞、血小板、内皮细胞，如补体激活、神经肽释放、IC形成、细胞毒性和IgG依赖性反应，以及尚不完全清楚的与嘌呤代谢有关的机制。
同样，抗IgE在非IgE介导的疾病中的有效性表明，IgE可能涉及经典的IgE/过敏原机制之外的机制，这些可供选择的途径,以及非IgE介导经典模式中激活肥大细胞和嗜碱性细胞的分子可能决定过敏反应的严重程度，可以帮助我们理解为什么过敏反应的严重程度差别很大，尽管IgE通路的激活程度相似。
在这篇文章中，我们将回顾在没有特异性IgE/过敏原激活的情况下可能导致过敏反应的途径，以及那些完全独立于MC和嗜碱性粒细胞的途径。
延伸阅读
JACI
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2021.02.012
Abstract:
Anaphylaxis is defined as a severe, life-threatening, rapidly evolving, generalized or systemic hypersensitivity reaction.Typical clinical signs include bronchoconstriction, vasodilatation, and hypovolemia, which can lead to respiratory insufficiency, shock, and death.3 The term allergic anaphylaxis is used when the reaction is mediated by an immunologic mechanism (IgE, IgG, and immune complex [IC] complement-related). Based on the involvement of IgE is the reaction then subclassified into IgE-mediated and not IgE-mediated reaction.
Typical clinical signs include bronchoconstriction, vasodilatation, and hypovolemia (alone or in combination), which can lead to respiratory insufficiency, shock, and death. The most prominent cause of anaphylaxis in children is food, whereas in adults it is drugs, especially antibiotics, neuromuscular-blocking agents (NMBAs), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), contrast medium, and biologics.
The classical example of an anaphylactic reaction mediated by IgE antibodies is peanut-induced food anaphylaxis, and it may be referred to as IgE-mediated allergic anaphylaxis. Such anaphylaxis is classically considered to be due to the production of IgE antibodies from B cells after T cells have recognized the antigen and initiated a TH2-type response.
The IgE-mediated pathway is initiated by an allergen that, when bound to specific IgE antibodies, generates a cross-linking of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on mast cells (MCs) and basophils and initiates a signaling cascade that produces the release of mediators, including histamine, as well as preformed cytokines and proteases, and the synthesis and secretion of additional cytokines as well as lipid mediators, such as platelet-activating factor (PAF), leukotrienes, and prostaglandins. The classical anaphylaxis pathway is an example of adaptive immunity. The clinical diagnosis of anaphylaxis to an allergen is based on this IgE paradigm. Higher levels of IgE to a specific allergen are associated with more severe/persistent disease and treatment failure when using immunomodulatory treatments such as immunotherapy or anti-IgE.
However, a considerable percentage of patients who experience anaphylaxis do not present with any evidence of IgE-dependent immune activation. In these patients, there are no signs of IgE-mediated activation of MCs or basophils as suggested by a positive skin test result, presence of allergen-specific IgE, or elevated histamine. In some patients, there is no evidence of MC activation at all; for example, they have normal tryptase. All together these data suggest the existence of other potential mechanisms.
Indeed, in the absence of IgE, anaphylaxis can still develop in mouse models.
IgE-independent MC/basophil, as well as non-MC/basophil, pathways have been described in mouse models (Fig 1).
MCs are generally considered the most important cell type in driving anaphylactic reactions. They are classified into 2 types on the basis of expression of different proteases in their secretory granules.14 In humans, tryptase and chymase-expressing MCs are found in connective tissue (ie, the skin) and contain various proteases such as tryptase, chymase, carboxypeptidase, and cathepsin. In contrast, tryptase-expressing MCs are found in the lung and gut and express only tryptase.14 All MCs can be activated through the cross-linking of high-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRI); however, even if this appears to be the major contributor to the signs and symptoms associated with hypersensitive and allergic diseases, it likely does not play a major role in the physiological activation of MCs, especially tryptase and chymase-expressing MCs (also known as MCTC), during endogenous stimuli activation to promote vascular hemostasis, pain, itch, and host defense.
In the latter mechanism, tryptase and chymase-expressing MCs respond to complement component fragments of the complement (complement fragment 3a [C3a] and complement fragment 5a [C5a]) and 48/80 (a compound that can mimic in vitro complement activity on MCs), but the endogenous and/or natural exogenous ligands remain unknown (Fig 2). Other mechanisms involve activation through numerous G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest group of membrane receptor proteins, and the most common targets of drug therapy and MCs express many of them on their surfaces.
Among these receptors, the one of particular interest is Mas-related G protein–coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2, formerly known as MrgX2), which is expressed selectively in MCs in their plasma membrane and intracellular sites and is activated by antimicrobial host defense peptides, neuropeptides, major basic proteins, eosinophil peroxidase, and many US Food and Drug Administration–approved peptidergic drugs.14
The existence of such alternative mechanism to cause anaphylaxis in humans is not definitive, even if some clinical observation may point toward that direction.
For example, rare clinical observations in humans suggest that anaphylaxis arises not only following the IgE/mast cell/basophil axis but also from neutrophils, platelets, endothelial cells activated via various mechanisms such as complement activation, neuropeptide release, IC formation, cytotoxicity, and IgG-dependent reactions, and the involvement of purinergic metabolism with mechanisms not yet fully understood.
Similarly, the effectiveness of anti-IgE in non–IgE-mediated diseases may indicate that IgE may be implicated beyond the classical IgE/allergen mechanism.15 These alternative pathways, as well as those molecules that activate MCs and basophils in a non–IgE-mediated classic fashion, may contribute to the intensity of anaphylactic reactions and may help us to understand why the severity of the anaphylaxis varies widely, despite similar degrees of activation of the IgE pathway.
In this article, we will review pathways that may lead to anaphylaxis in the absence of specific IgE/allergen activation, as well as those independent of MCs and basophils altogether.
Author:
Antonella Cianferoni
2021-5-11 Review
创建过敏性疾病的科研、科普知识交流平台，为过敏患者提供专业诊断、治疗、预防的共享平台。
——浙大迪迅 译
速发型过敏反应的定义是一种严重的、危及生命的、迅速发展的、广泛或全身性的超敏反应。典型的临床症状包括支气管收缩、血管扩张、低血容量，可导致呼吸功能不全、休克和死亡。当反应是由免疫机制(IgE、IgG和补体相关的免疫复合物)介导时，被称为过敏反应。根据IgE的参与情况，反应又可分为IgE介导反应和非IgE介导反应。典型的临床症状包括支气管收缩、血管扩张和低血容量(单独或联合使用)，可导致呼吸功能不全、休克和死亡。儿童过敏反应的最主要原因是食物，而成人过敏反应的主要原因是药物，特别是抗生素、神经肌肉阻断剂(NMBA)、非甾体类抗炎药(NSAID)、造影剂和生物制剂。由IgE抗体介导的过敏反应的典型例子是花生诱导的食物过敏反应，它可被称为IgE介导的过敏反应。这种过敏反应通常被认为是由于T细胞识别抗原并启动Th2型反应后，B细胞产生IgE抗体。IgE介导通路由过敏原启动，当过敏原与特异性IgE抗体结合时，导致肥大细胞(MC)和嗜碱性细胞上的高亲和性IgE受体(FcεRI)发生交联并启动信号级联，释放包括组胺在内的介质，以及预形成的细胞因子和蛋白酶，以及合成和分泌额外的细胞因子和脂质介质，如血小板激活因子(PAF)、白三烯和前列腺素。典型的过敏反应途径是适应性免疫的一个例子。对过敏原过敏反应的临床诊断是基于这种IgE范式的。当使用免疫调节治疗(如免疫疗法或抗IgE)时，对特定过敏原的IgE水平高与疾病严重或持续时间长有关，也与治疗失败有关。然而，有相当一部分经历过过敏反应的患者并没有出现IgE依赖性免疫激活的任何证据。在这些患者中，没有迹象表明IgE介导的MC或嗜碱性粒细胞激活，如皮肤试验阳性结果、存在过敏原特异性IgE或组胺升高。在一些患者中，根本没有MC激活的证据，例如，他们有正常的胰蛋白酶。所有这些数据表明存在其他潜在的机制。
事实上，在缺乏IgE的情况下，小鼠模型仍可发生过敏反应，独立于IgE的MC/嗜碱性粒细胞和非MC/嗜碱性粒细胞通路在小鼠模型中均有描述，肥大细胞通常被认为是驱动过敏反应的最重要的细胞类型。根据它们分泌颗粒中不同蛋白酶的表达情况，可将它们分为两类。在人类中，类胰蛋白酶和糜酶表达的MC存在于结缔组织(即皮肤)中，并含有各种蛋白酶，如类胰蛋白酶、糜酶、羧肽酶和组织蛋白酶。相比起来，表达胰蛋白酶的MC存在于肺和肠道中，并且只表达类胰蛋白酶。所有MC均可通过高亲和力IgE受体(FcεRI)交联激活；然而，尽管这似乎是与过敏和过敏性疾病相关的体征和症状的主要原因，但它可能在内源性刺激激活促进血管止血、疼痛、瘙痒和宿主防御过程中，在MC的生理激活中并没有发挥主要作用，特别是表达类胰蛋白酶和糜酶的MC(也被称为MCTC)。在后一种机制中，胰蛋白酶和糜酶表达的MC对补体的补体成分片段(补体片段3a [C3a]和补体片段5a [C5a])和48/80(一种能模拟体外对MC补体活性的化合物)做出反应，但内源性和/或天然的外源性配体仍然未知。其他机制包括通过大量G蛋白偶联受体(GPCRs)激活，G蛋白偶联受体是最大的膜受体蛋白群，也是药物治疗最常见的靶点，MC在其表面表达许多G蛋白偶联受体。在这些受体中，其中一个特别有趣的是与质粒相关的G蛋白偶联受体X2 (MRGPRX2，以前称为MrgX2)，它在MC的质膜和细胞内位点选择性表达，并被抗菌宿主防御肽、神经肽、主要碱性蛋白、嗜酸性过氧化物酶、以及许多FDA批准的肽类药物激活。这种导致人类过敏反应的替代机制的存在并不是确定的，即使一些临床观察可能指向这个方向。例如，在人类的罕见临床观察表明，过敏反应不仅发生于IgE/肥大细胞/嗜碱性细胞轴，而且还发生于通过各种机制激活的中性粒细胞、血小板、内皮细胞，如补体激活、神经肽释放、IC形成、细胞毒性和IgG依赖性反应，以及尚不完全清楚的与嘌呤代谢有关的机制。
同样，抗IgE在非IgE介导的疾病中的有效性表明，IgE可能涉及经典的IgE/过敏原机制之外的机制，这些可供选择的途径,以及非IgE介导经典模式中激活肥大细胞和嗜碱性细胞的分子可能决定过敏反应的严重程度，可以帮助我们理解为什么过敏反应的严重程度差别很大，尽管IgE通路的激活程度相似。
在这篇文章中，我们将回顾在没有特异性IgE/过敏原激活的情况下可能导致过敏反应的途径，以及那些完全独立于MC和嗜碱性粒细胞的途径。
延伸阅读
JACI
[IF:13.1]
Non–IgE-mediated anaphylaxishttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2021.02.012
Abstract:
Anaphylaxis is defined as a severe, life-threatening, rapidly evolving, generalized or systemic hypersensitivity reaction.Typical clinical signs include bronchoconstriction, vasodilatation, and hypovolemia, which can lead to respiratory insufficiency, shock, and death.3 The term allergic anaphylaxis is used when the reaction is mediated by an immunologic mechanism (IgE, IgG, and immune complex [IC] complement-related). Based on the involvement of IgE is the reaction then subclassified into IgE-mediated and not IgE-mediated reaction.
Typical clinical signs include bronchoconstriction, vasodilatation, and hypovolemia (alone or in combination), which can lead to respiratory insufficiency, shock, and death. The most prominent cause of anaphylaxis in children is food, whereas in adults it is drugs, especially antibiotics, neuromuscular-blocking agents (NMBAs), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), contrast medium, and biologics.
The classical example of an anaphylactic reaction mediated by IgE antibodies is peanut-induced food anaphylaxis, and it may be referred to as IgE-mediated allergic anaphylaxis. Such anaphylaxis is classically considered to be due to the production of IgE antibodies from B cells after T cells have recognized the antigen and initiated a TH2-type response.
The IgE-mediated pathway is initiated by an allergen that, when bound to specific IgE antibodies, generates a cross-linking of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on mast cells (MCs) and basophils and initiates a signaling cascade that produces the release of mediators, including histamine, as well as preformed cytokines and proteases, and the synthesis and secretion of additional cytokines as well as lipid mediators, such as platelet-activating factor (PAF), leukotrienes, and prostaglandins. The classical anaphylaxis pathway is an example of adaptive immunity. The clinical diagnosis of anaphylaxis to an allergen is based on this IgE paradigm. Higher levels of IgE to a specific allergen are associated with more severe/persistent disease and treatment failure when using immunomodulatory treatments such as immunotherapy or anti-IgE.
However, a considerable percentage of patients who experience anaphylaxis do not present with any evidence of IgE-dependent immune activation. In these patients, there are no signs of IgE-mediated activation of MCs or basophils as suggested by a positive skin test result, presence of allergen-specific IgE, or elevated histamine. In some patients, there is no evidence of MC activation at all; for example, they have normal tryptase. All together these data suggest the existence of other potential mechanisms.
Indeed, in the absence of IgE, anaphylaxis can still develop in mouse models.
IgE-independent MC/basophil, as well as non-MC/basophil, pathways have been described in mouse models (Fig 1).
MCs are generally considered the most important cell type in driving anaphylactic reactions. They are classified into 2 types on the basis of expression of different proteases in their secretory granules.14 In humans, tryptase and chymase-expressing MCs are found in connective tissue (ie, the skin) and contain various proteases such as tryptase, chymase, carboxypeptidase, and cathepsin. In contrast, tryptase-expressing MCs are found in the lung and gut and express only tryptase.14 All MCs can be activated through the cross-linking of high-affinity IgE receptors (FcεRI); however, even if this appears to be the major contributor to the signs and symptoms associated with hypersensitive and allergic diseases, it likely does not play a major role in the physiological activation of MCs, especially tryptase and chymase-expressing MCs (also known as MCTC), during endogenous stimuli activation to promote vascular hemostasis, pain, itch, and host defense.
In the latter mechanism, tryptase and chymase-expressing MCs respond to complement component fragments of the complement (complement fragment 3a [C3a] and complement fragment 5a [C5a]) and 48/80 (a compound that can mimic in vitro complement activity on MCs), but the endogenous and/or natural exogenous ligands remain unknown (Fig 2). Other mechanisms involve activation through numerous G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest group of membrane receptor proteins, and the most common targets of drug therapy and MCs express many of them on their surfaces.
Among these receptors, the one of particular interest is Mas-related G protein–coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2, formerly known as MrgX2), which is expressed selectively in MCs in their plasma membrane and intracellular sites and is activated by antimicrobial host defense peptides, neuropeptides, major basic proteins, eosinophil peroxidase, and many US Food and Drug Administration–approved peptidergic drugs.14
The existence of such alternative mechanism to cause anaphylaxis in humans is not definitive, even if some clinical observation may point toward that direction.
For example, rare clinical observations in humans suggest that anaphylaxis arises not only following the IgE/mast cell/basophil axis but also from neutrophils, platelets, endothelial cells activated via various mechanisms such as complement activation, neuropeptide release, IC formation, cytotoxicity, and IgG-dependent reactions, and the involvement of purinergic metabolism with mechanisms not yet fully understood.
Similarly, the effectiveness of anti-IgE in non–IgE-mediated diseases may indicate that IgE may be implicated beyond the classical IgE/allergen mechanism.15 These alternative pathways, as well as those molecules that activate MCs and basophils in a non–IgE-mediated classic fashion, may contribute to the intensity of anaphylactic reactions and may help us to understand why the severity of the anaphylaxis varies widely, despite similar degrees of activation of the IgE pathway.
In this article, we will review pathways that may lead to anaphylaxis in the absence of specific IgE/allergen activation, as well as those independent of MCs and basophils altogether.
Author:
Antonella Cianferoni
2021-5-11 Review
创建过敏性疾病的科研、科普知识交流平台，为过敏患者提供专业诊断、治疗、预防的共享平台。
